“Is my pet in pain?” Understanding, identifying, and treating pet pain.
By Debra Voulgaris, DVM, MA, CVA, CCRP Certified Tui-na Practitioner Pet pain 101 The pain pathway consists of five parts: transduction, conduction, transmission, modulation and perception (see diagram Gaynor and Muir, 2009, below). While the first four components, tend to be objective and measurable, the fifth part, perception, is subjective and contributes to making pain very […]
















